西方语言的文法体系简介(英文资料摘编)

 

A grammar includes everything one knows about a language.

 

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If grammar is defined as the mental representation of linguistic knowledge, then a general theory of language is a theory of grammar. A grammar includes everything one knows about a language; its phonetics and phonology (the sounds and the sound system), its morphology (the structure of words), its lexicon (the words or vocabulary), its syntax (the structure of sentences and the constraints on well-formed sentences), and its semantics (the meaning of words and sentences).

 

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Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Someone who engages in this study is called a linguist. Linguistics can be theoretical or applied.(1)Theoretical (or general) linguistics is about structure (grammar), and meaning (semantics). In semantics, autonomous linguistics explores the nature of language abstracted away from the many aspects of usage, and contextual linguistics combines linguistics with other fields, such as philosophy or sociology, to explain language's social functions. Linguistics also compares languages and explores their histories, in order to find universal properties of language and to account for its development and origins. Slightly separate from general linguistics are the sub-fields of phonology, which studies the role of language's sounds in particular languages, and phonetics, the study of how sounds are produced and perceived.(2)Applied linguistics puts linguistic theories into practice in areas such as foreign language teaching, speech therapy, translation and speech pathology.

Linguistic structures are pairings of meaning and sound (or other externalization). Linguists may specialize in some subpart of the linguistic structure, which can be arranged in the following terms, from sound to meaning:

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Phonetics, the study of the sounds of human language

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Phonology (or phonemics), the study of patterns of a language's basic sounds

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Morphology, the study of the internal structure of words

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Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences

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Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences

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Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts    

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Discourse analysis, the study of sentences organised into texts